Friday, February 21, 2025
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ACCOUNTING POLICIES AND NOTES

Accounting policies are the rules and guidelines chosen by an enterprise for use in preparing & presenting its financial statements. Accounting policies are important because they set a framework that an enterprises follow consistently, and provide comparable and consistent standard financial statements over the years and relative to other enterprises.

A. SINGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES:
1. Basic Assumptions
The Financial Statements are prepared on a going concern concept and as per the historical cost convention on accrual basis.

2. Revenue Recognition
(a) Sale is recognized on dispatch of goods to customers
(b) Sale of service/commission is recognized as and when the right to receive arises
(c) Export sales are accounted on the basis of dates of bill of lading and export incentives are accounted for in the year of export.
(d) Insurance & other claim to the extent considered recoverable are accounted for in the year of claim.
(e) Interest is recognized on a time of proportion basis taking into account the amount outstanding and the rate applicable.
(f) Other items of Income including subsidies are accounted as and when the right to receive arises

3. Fixed Assets And Depreciation
Fixed assets are stated at cost less depreciation. Depreciation on Fixed Assets Is provided for on written down value method as per rates prescribed in the Income Tax Act,

4. Investment
Investments are stated at cost.

5. Intangible Assets
There are no intangible assets.

6. Impairment of Assets
There is a policy of assessing whether there has been any impairment of assets at the year end and
necessary adjustment is made in the books of account for impairment of assets.

7. Provision and Contingencies
Provision and contingencies to the extent known and ascertainable have been provided in the book of
accounts. Contingent liabilities are not recognized but are disclosed by way of note in the financial statement Contingent assets are neither recognized nor disclosed in the financial statement.

8. Inventories
Inventories are valued at Cost or market price whichever is lower and the cost is worked out on FIFO basis.

9. Borrowing cost
Interest and other costs in connection with the borrowing of funds to the extent related/attributed to the acquisition of qualifying asset are capitalized up the date when such assets are ready for its intended use and all other borrowing costs are recognized as an expense in period for which they are incurred unless otherwise stated

10. Deferred Tax Liability
There is no such item which attracts temporary timing difference.

11. Other Accounting Standards
The accounts are maintained in conformity with the applicable Accounting Standards.

13. Prior years(S) Transactions
Charges or credits which arise in the current period as a result of error or omissions in the preparation of
financial statement of one or more prior periods are treated as prior period items, whereas the same is treated as current year’s charges or credits if it is determined/decided/approved in the current year.

14. Gratuity and Bonus:
Gratuity and bonus is accounted for on payment basis.

B. Notes on Accounts :

1.The Current Assets Loans & Advances have a value on realization in the ordinary course of business

equal to the amount at which those are stated in the Balance Sheet.

2.Balances of some of the debtors, Creditors and unsecured loans are subject to confirmation, reconciliation and adjustments, if any.

3. Some expenses are not fully supported though circumstances evidencing the expenditure exist.

Future of CA CS Profession and AI Working Together

Consider the questions

  • Can machines think?
  • Can machine become Human?

What Is Artificial Intelligence? [AI]

Artificial intelligence [AI] is a broad branch of computer science that deals with the creation of smart machines capable of performing tasks that would typically require human intelligence.

Types of artificial intelligence

  1. Reactive Machines
  2. Limited Memory
  3. Theory of Mind Self Aware

Some Examples Of Artificial Intelligence?

We can understand how the AI work with help of few examples AI apps

  • Smart assistants, Sri, Alexa
  • Self-driving cars
  • Robo-advisor
  • Email spam filter
  • Google Map
  • Netflix Recommendations
  • Face Book Customer Recognition.

Reactive Machines:

Reactive machines perform basic operations. This level AI is the simplest. These types react to some input with some output. Face recognition machine recognise human face as input and outputs a box around the face to recognize it correct face. The model does not store any input, it does not do any learning.

Limited Memory

Limited memory type refers to the ability of an AI to store past data and use the stored data for predictions. Data banks enable it to make better predictions. Machine learning architecture tends to be more complex than that of reactive machines.

  • Reinforcement learning Game: eg Like Chess, Loodo, Chinese Checker
  • Long Short Term Memory : To predict the next elements in the sequence, LSTM tags more recent information as more important. Word prediction during typing a sentence is the best example of LSTM.
  • Evolutionary Generative Adversarial Networks (e-GAN): E Gen evolves over time. This model utilizes simulations and statistics to predict outcomes.

Theory of Mind:

Theory of Mind are in their early stages. We are yet to reach the “Theory of Mind” in the types of artificial intelligence. This can be seen in things like self-driving cars. The car starts talking to you like a human.

Use of AI in Accounting and Legal Profession:

Artificial Intelligence in the accounting and legal profession aims to enhance proficiency in basic routines and practices in a way that ultimately leads to better business decisions.

  • Accounting Software
  • Tax Software
  • Credit Monitoring Analysis (CMA)

Suggested read

AI Potential in Accounting:

  • AI technology will improve data entry accuracy.
  • Real-time data helps accountants to give real-time solutions like what to produce.
  • Quickly analyse large amounts of data, evaluate past performance to predict future results.
  • AI will do administrative tasks, repetitive tasks like minutes of small board meeting, routine entries.
  • AI can assist company secretaries in providing data to directors in meetings. AI will help the Company Secretary to prepare the minutes of the Board meetings.
  • Automate the distribution of minutes through email.

What is the goal of artificial intelligence?

AI aims to create machines that can sense their surroundings, understand context, and act to accomplish certain goals, often autonomously or with minimal assistance from humans.

Now the real question is, what is human? What is human work? What is the purpose of Manav?

USE OF TECHNOLOGY FOR ENHENCING EFFICIENCY AND EFFECTIVENESS

What is technology:

Technology involves organized ways of doing things with the help of machine, devise, (Information Technology) and human.

Use of Technology: It reduces error and omissions and speed up by automating specific tasks. Technology cuts down on time consumption, paperwork, and manual involvement.

Who is a Professional?

In case of a Company a professional acts as a vital link between the company and its shareholders, board of directors and government officials. The key role is to ensure that all board procedures are followed and reviewed regularly. Maintaining all legal compliance. And in case of other business organization professional also have significant role. In overall we can say professional are trusted advisers.

How to use IT:

1. Strengthen your business with Risk Management:

First, figure out the amount of risk, liability and control you have in your job.

2. Find suitable staff:

3. Document the expected thing and aspects:

4. Organize collected Information:

5. Analyze software options:

To increase accuracy and save time, you need to decide what software and applications are needed in your work.

Must read: All About Mobile Applications

Must read: All About information technology system.

6. Networking: Networking is the exchange of information and ideas between people with a common profession.

– Web-based seminar

– Create your website, blog

– Presence of networking website Like Link den, slide sharing, CA club India. and institute website

All About Mobile Applications

A mobile application is a type of application software designed to run on a smartphone or tablet. Mobile applications provide users with the same services as computer applications. Apps were originally intended for productivity assistance such as email, calendar, and contact.

Suggested read:

Types of Mobile App

  • Native Apps
  • Web-based app
  • Hybrid App

1. Native app:

Apps which run on a particular mobile platform are known as native apps. For example, an app intended for Apple devices does not run in Android devices. Examples of hybrid app is WhatsApp, Spotify.

2. Web-based app:

Internet access is typically required for use all features. User data is also stored in the cloud. A web-based app is designed with the standard web technologies of HTML, CSS, and JavaScript. The performance of these apps is like a web application running in a browser. Performance is noticeably slower than the native app.

3. Hybrid app:

Hybrid app is a mixture of native app and webbased app. Examples of hybrid app is Twitter, Facebook, Evernote, Gmail etc.

SOME Useful mobile app for Accounting and Legal professionals: CA, CS and Advocate must have some important mobile app on their mobiles. Few important app are:

  • Google Map
  • Calculator
  • Mailing App
  • Legal Dictionary
  • IRCTC
  • Make My Trip
  • Phone Pay
  • Bhim App
  • LatestLaws
  • Digi Locker
  • Office 365

Where to get mobile app

Typically, mobile apps are released through official app stores such as the Google Play Store for Android devices and the Apple App Store for iOS devices. In order to get their apps accepted and featured on these platforms, developers have to follow a set of rules and regulations.

Conclusion

With the ability to meet the different needs and interests of users around the world, mobile applications have become an essential aspect of modern life. With continuous technological advances, they expand the number of options available to users and enterprises.

How to Register Legal Representative Assessee in Income Tax Portal

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The legal representative has to register on the Income Tax website as a legal heir. Registration as legal heir is mandatory for e-filing of return on behalf of the deceased person.

To know who legal representative is, I recommend you please read our earlier article “Taxable Aspects of Income of Deceased Person.

Here one more question arises, Who can register as a Representative Assessee on the e-Filing portal? and What are the documents required to be furnished?

Click here for table lists of persons and documents :
Category of Person being represented Who shall Register as RepresentativeCopy of documents required to register as Representative Assessee
Mentally IncapacitatedGuardian / Manager who is managing the affairs of such person– PAN of mentally incapacitated
– PAN of Representative Assessee
– Medical Certificate certifying mental incapacitation
 Legal Heir Legal heir of the deceased person-PAN of deceased
-PAN of legal heir
-Death Certificate
-Legal Heir Certificate / Surviving Member Certificate / Pension Order / Registered Will
 Minor Guardian / Manager who is managing the affairs of such person-PAN of minor
-PAN of guardian
-Proof of Guardianship
Lunatic or IdiotGuardian / Manager who is managing the affairs of such person-PAN of Lunatic or Idiot
-PAN of guardian
-Certificate issued by medical authority
 Court of Wards Administrator General / Official Trustee / Receiver / Manager who manages the property-PAN of ward
-PAN of receiver / manager
-Court Order
 Trust in Writing Trustee-PAN of beneficiary
-PAN of trustee
-Attested declaration by trustee
 Oral Trust Trustee-PAN of beneficiary
-PAN of trustee
-Attested declaration by trustee

The PAN of both the deceased person and the legal heir should be registered in the e-filing portal. However, if the PAN of the deceased person is not registered, the legal heir can get the registration done on behalf of the deceased. Following are the steps for registration of legal heir:

Step 1 – Go to income tax department E-filing portal.

Step 2 – Login to e-filing portal using legal heir credentials

Step 3 – Go to My Account and register as Representative.

Step 4 –  

  • Select the type of Request – New Request
  • Select the Add/Register as representative – “Register yourself on behalf of another person”.
  • Select the category to register as Estate of deceased.

Step 5 – Upload the requisite documents like PAN of deceased person, legal hire certificate   

After completing the above process, the legal representative request is sent to the e-filing administrator. The e-filing administrator will verify the request and may approve or reject same.

Goal of Human

मैं मानव संतान हूं।

मैं सुखी होना चाहता / चाहती हूं।

मैं प्रसन्न रहना चाहता / चाहती  हूं।

हर मानव सुखी होना एवं प्रसन्न रहना चाहता है।  

मैं समझना चाहता हूं समझने पर मैं सुखी और प्रसन्न होता हूं।

मैं अपने शरीर को समझना चाहता / चाहती हूं।

मैं अपनी क्षमताओं को समझना चाहता / चाहती हूं ।

मैं अपने आसपास की वस्तुओ को समझना चाहता / चाहती हूं।

सभी मानव ऐसा ही चाहते हैं। समझ कर ही मानव समझदार मानव कहलाता है।

मैं समझदार बनना चाहता / चाहती हूं।

हर मानव समझदार हो ऐसा मैं चाहता / चाहती हूं।

हर मानव समझकर ही निरंतर सुख पूर्वक जी सकता है।

यही मानव की मूल चाहत है।

यही मानव लक्ष्य है।

Corporate Debt Restructuring (CDR)

What is Debt Restructuring?

Corporate debt restructuring refers to the reformation of a business entity that is in financial trouble. The main aim refinances its existing debt obligations in order to gain more flexibility in the short term and make their debt load more manageable.

This process is usually done by the creditors and the management of the company, which is in distress. It is outside the purview of BIFR (Board for Industrial and Financial Reconstruction), DRT and other legal proceedings.

What is Debt?

Debt is money borrowed by one party from the other to meet the financial need. Many organizations use debt to purchase goods and services that they cannot pay for in cash.

The objects of the CDR mechanism

The objective of the Corporate Debt Restructuring (CDR) framework is to;

“To ensure a timely and transparent mechanism for the restructuring of corporate debts of viable entities facing problems, for the benefit of all concerned.”

“To aim at preserving viable corporates that are affected by certain internal and external factors”.

“To minimize the losses to creditors and other stakeholders through an orderly and co-ordinated restructuring programme”.

How to Achieve Debt Restructuring:

Companies can achieve debt restructuring by negotiating directly with creditors to restructure their loan payment terms. Debt restructuring is sometimes imposed on a company by its creditors if it cannot make its scheduled debt payments. In CDR financial institutions and/or banks restructure the debt of companies who facing financial distress. Here are some ways in which this can be achieved:

1. Debt for Equity Swap:

This is usually the case with companies with a large base of assets and liabilities. Where the creditors feel that bankruptcy is not a beneficial step for the company as well as the creditors. Creditors can agree to forgo a certain amount of outstanding debt in exchange for equity in the company. Where forcing the company to go bankrupt would create little value for creditors.

2. Bondholder Haircuts:

Companies with outstanding bonds can negotiate with their bondholders to offer repayment at a “discounted” level. This can be achieved by reducing or omitting the payment of interest or principal.

3. Informal Debt Repayment Agreements:

This is a more economical and favorable method. This can be done by reaching out to creditors directly and negotiating new terms of repayment. The debt restructuring company may request for lenient repayment terms and even allow some part of its debt to be written off.

AndroiD 12L

Mindset to use tablet

A relative of mine just bought a new Android tablet a while back during Amazon’s festival offer. I was later told about this purchase that this new Android tablet is also not expensive, and it has a good configuration along with having a big screen. If you want to watch any of your favorite movies on TV, then for this you have to go to your drawing room and look in a particular posture, but at such time Android tablet is best suited for watching drama and listening to music in bed. You can use it as a portable screen when needed.

In my relative’s view, today’s Android tablet is a pure entertainment product. The old-fashioned application optimization problem limits the performance of this type of device. A tablet that shares a set of application ecology with a mobile phone will always lag behind in optimization priority. Yes, there are still a large number of applications that are not compatible with tablets.

Android 12L Launch

Last month at the end of October 2021, Google announced the launch of Android 12L.

What’s in 12L?

12L is an operating system update that will work better on bigger screens. The 12L refined the UI on the larger screen in notifications, quick settings, lock screen, overview, home screen, and more. For example, on screens above 600dp, the notification shade, lock screen, and other systems use a new two-column layout to take advantage of Surface screen area. System apps are also optimized.

Large screen layouts display more content in a two-column layout.

L stand for?

The “L” in Android 12L stands for “device with a larger screen” – but Google hasn’t confirmed that yet.

Android 12L availability?

Google said that Android 12L will be released to consumers in early 2022.

An Android 12L beta?

Yes. A developer preview is available for people to test.

Devices support Android 12L?

According to Google they said they are already working with OEM partners to bring these features to their big screen devices – watch out for the developer preview of the 12L coming soon to the Lenovo P12 Pro. With more features coming to devices in the coming few months, now is a great time to optimize your apps for the bigger screen.

Google 12L vs iPad

According to Google, there are already over 250 million large screen devices equipped with the Android system, and the launch of Android 12L at the moment is indeed a good opportunity for that.

The recovery of the tablet market has prompted Android tablet maker manufacturers such as Xiaomi, Huawei and Realme to make a comeback. The global tablet market will continue to improve in the times to come.

The 12L will have a better chance of trying it out on a folding screen mobile phone. However, it has been 3 years since Samsung’s first Galaxy Fold folding screen mobile phone was launched. Such products have now become more popular as they become more mature.

OECD Fixes Minimum Tax of 15% MNCs From 2023

Multinational Corporations may be subject to minimum tax of 15% from 2023. It may be an important and major step of OECD towards in reform of the worldwide tax system.

The system, sponsored by 136 nations, including India. In this reform it was tried to ensure an honest sharing of Taxes for nations where multinationals and worldwide advanced organizations, like Netflix, Google acquire incomes.

The Landmark deal assented by 136 nations and jurisdiction addressing over 90% of worldwide GDP. Most useful MNCs are round the world and it was also ensured in landmark deal that these corporation pay a fair share of tax wherever they operate and generate revenue.

The two-pillar solution is expected to come out in the G20 Finance Ministers’ meeting in Washington DC on 13 October, then at the end of the month at the G20 Leaders’ Summit in Rome.

It is also said in OECD statement, with effective implementation in 2023 various countries are aiming to sign a multilateral convention during 2022.